Chi-rectangular research was utilized to test getting differences in brand new prevalence anywhere between genders, age groups, and other subgroups

S.: n=thirteen,689) separated by the shot size of for each country increased by brand new weights

According to the complex sampling design of the GYTS, the weighted prevalence estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of smokeless tobacco use in each country were calculated using original sampling weights, strata, and pripling units provided in the datasets using the SAS PROC SURVEYFREQ procedure. The original weights were calculated by the following formula: W=W₁*W₂*f₁*f₂*f₃*f₄, where W₁ is the inverse of the selection probability of each school; W₂ is the inverse of selection probability of each class; f₁ is the school-level non-response adjustment factor calculated by school enrolment size; f₂ is the class-level non-response adjustment factor for each school; f₃ is the student-level non-response adjustment factor for each class; f₄ is the post-adjustment stratification factor calculated by grade and sex. We rescaled the original weights to calculate the overall and subgroups’ prevalence of smokeless tobacco use based on each country’s sample size. The rescaled weights were calculated as the maximum country sample size (i.e., U. Chi-square trend test was used to examine the secular trend in the prevalence with consideration of data from all surveys in each country between 1999 and 2019. The prevalence estimates of secular trends were calculated per 5 calendar years. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of potential associated factors http://datingmentor.org/cs/sweet-pea-recenze/ (sex, age, cigarette smoking, other tobacco product use, parental smoking, smoking status of closest friends, tobacco advertisement exposure, being offered free tobacco products, being taught about dangers of smoking, and World Bank income level) with current smokeless tobacco use, and the code for each variable is shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. In order to correct the overall probability of type I error in multiple statistical tests (?=0.05), the Bonferroni’s correction was used to adjust the critical significance level of each statistical test. The corrected critical significance level was equal to the original critical significance level (0.05) divided by the number of tests performed. A two-sided P-value less than the Bonferroni’s corrected critical significance level was regarded as statistical significance and SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, US) was used for all analyses.

Efficiency

A total of 450,691 teenagers (boys: 51.4%) aged twelve–16 age regarding 138 countries interviewed anywhere between 2010 and you will 2019 was basically incorporated to help you estimate the fresh new incidence off newest smokeless using tobacco and you may the associated circumstances. Among 138 provided places surveyed this year–2019, 23 (16.7%) was basically from the African region, 30 (21.7%) on American region, 23 (sixteen.7%) about Eastern Mediterranean region, 29 (twenty-two.5%) about Eu area, nine (six.5%) regarding Southern-Eastern Asian area, and you will twenty-two (15.9%) on the West Pacific area (Even more file step one: Table S2).

Based on the newest research of 138 countries this current year-2019, all round frequency from newest smokeless cigarette smoking is actually 4.4% (95% CI cuatro.0–cuatro.9), that have 5.7% (5.1–six.3) for boys, 3.1% (2.6–step three.5) for girls, step three.9% (3.5–cuatro.4) for adolescents old several–14 ages, and you may 5.cuatro% (cuatro.8–5.9) for these old 15–16 age (Dining table 1). This new incidence ranged somewhat across all the 138 places (out-of 0.0% inside the Tokelau to help you 51.6% inside the Kiribati), by gender and you may age group within each of most countries (Fig. step 1, and extra file step one: Fig. S2 and you can Desk S3). The latest incidence is actually almost five times high one of latest cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers (14.3% against. step 3.0%), and you can almost 7 minutes higher one of most other smoking unit profiles compared that have non-users (twenty-two.5% compared to. step 3.2%). The brand new incidence one of teens whose both parents (9.8%), and you will mom simply (5.6%) used are greater than those people whose dad merely (cuatro.4%) and you may none mother (4.7%) used. The latest prevalence try higher regarding the Southern area-Eastern Western part (six.1%), followed by the fresh African area (5.4%), and you may low on Western Pacific part (dos.0%). The newest frequency is actually high in down-middle-income regions (5.5%), followed by lower-money countries (4.7%), and you may low for the highest-money regions (2.8%) (Desk step one).