17. Inside combat, the federal government promoted austere hairdos and developments for everyone its victims; for women, brief, bowl-shaped haircuts and loose, high-waisted monpe pants (aren’t worn on country) was in fact recommended as the gestures out of austerity, modesty and you will domestic front side support to the full battle work. Getting a conclusion and you can investigation of wartime shojo depictions in the shojo zasshi, look for Imada Erika, 2007, pp. 57–83. Getting descriptions out-of wartime manner and you may hair styles to own adult females, come across Wakakuwa, 2000 Wakakuwa, Midori . 2000 . Senso ga tsukuru joseizo: Dai niji sekai taisenka no Nihon josei doin zero shikakuteki puropaganda, Tokyo : Chikuma gakugei bunko . [Google Scholar] and you will Atkins, 2005 Atkins, Jacqueline . 2005 . “ Lavishness is the enemy: Trends and you will fabrics for the wartime The japanese, inside the Jacqueline Atkins ”. During the Sporting propaganda: Textiles on the family front side in the Japan, Great britain, in addition to All of us, 1931–1945, 157 – 169 . The new Refuge and London : Yale School Drive . [Bing Scholar] .
18. Tanabe, ‘Shojo shosetsu ni muchu datta koro’, regarding Bara zero kobeya yori, reprinted within the Honda, 1991 Honda, Masuko . 1991 . “ Senjika no shojo zasshi, in the Otsuka Eiji ”. Inside Shojo zasshi ron, Tokyo : Tokyo shoseki . [Google Pupil] , pp. 36–37.
19. Story off Young Yard, the newest translated Japanese identity regarding Louisa Will get Alcott’s Absolutely nothing Females. The fresh label Wakakusa Monogatari is actually used when the film was revealed when you look at the Japan from inside the 1934; before composed translations and you may adaptations away from Alcott’s classic were given other titles.
20. Other types out-of shojo activity, particularly the brand new Takarazuka Revue, will also have given a product for the right child that have the sorts of the latest danso zero reijin[beautiful lady in the men attire], the brand new otokoyaku. Takarazuka just expanded a devoted shojo group of followers through the wartime and you can postwar years, however, is actually featured frequently inside the shojo zasshi, specifically Shojo no tomo. To possess a description and you will historical/anthropological investigation of one’s Takarazuka Revue, pick Robertson, 1998 Robertson, Jennifer . 1998 . [Crossref] , [Google Student] .
21. Dating back the new 1910s, instructors and ethical advocates thought about motion picture theatres as breeding known reasons for the new furyo, otherwise once the furyo’s hunting known reasons for its jogakusei victims. Certain girls’ universities placed rigorous standards for the students just who wanted to sit in motion picture theatres, or prohibited attendance downright. Get a hold of Inagaki, 2007 Inagaki, Kyoko . 2007 . Jogakko so you can jogakusei: kyoyo, tashinami, modan bunka, Tokyo : Chuo koron shinsha . [Yahoo Pupil] , pp. 142–forty two.
Note: while the postcard respondent (or even the editor) made use of another type of spelling (Wakagusa in the place of Wakakusa), the high quality spelling and you can pronunciation are Wakakusa
22. The brand new personal overtones out-of discussing an enthusiastic umbrella provides prewar and you will early wartime precedents. Come across Kawabata Yasunari’s short story, ‘Amagasa’ (Umbrella) regarding 1932, that contains an effective romantically energized world from one or two youngsters sharing an enthusiastic umbrella. My by way of Jan Bardsley getting mentioning this connection.
23. Pick ‘Civilizing “Degenerate” Students’, for the Ambaras, 2006 Ambaras, David . 2006 . Bad teens: Teenager delinquency together with politics out-of daily life during the progressive The japanese, Berkeley and you will Los angeles : College or university out of Ca Force . [Google Pupil] , pp. 66–96.
twenty-four. The fresh new percentage change stands for numbers out of 1946–50 instead of 1936–forty (Lunden, 1953 Lunden, Walter A good. 1953 . Teenager delinquency for the Japan. Pre-battle, battle, and you may post-war most beautiful Batumi women years . The fresh new Record out-of Violent Rules, Criminology, and Police Research, 44(4): 428 – 432 . November-December [Crossref] , [Yahoo Beginner] , p. 430).
The only exemption on the gender-segregated program out of blog post-number 1 studies on Meiji period into wartime period is the fresh new coeducational Tokyo Tunes School [Tokyo ongaku gakko]
7. I evaluate these depictions in more detail from the wartime chapter when you look at the my personal dissertation with the shojo zasshi:‘Most of the Women’s a stage: Representations from Femininity and Adolescence from inside the Japanese Girls’ Magazines, 1930s-1960s’ (PhD Dissertation, Stanford College or university, 2008).
16. Come across Inagaki, 2007 Inagaki, Kyoko . 2007 . Jogakko in order to jogakusei: kyoyo, tashinami, modan bunka, Tokyo : Chuo koron shinsha . [Yahoo Student] , p. 207.
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